The Bridge from Molecular to Systems Neuroscience

TMEM16A/ANO1 (calcium-activated Cl- channel) is highly expressed in ventral medial habenula cholinergic neurons and drives their spontaneous firing; conditional deletion in MHb cholinergic neurons causes anxiety, anhedonia, reduced social motivation and schizophrenia-like phenotypes in mice. region-specific evidence source

Lrrc55 encodes the neuronal-specific gamma-auxiliary subunit of BK (Slo1) channels; its mRNA is richly and selectively expressed in the medial habenula (MHb), conferring distinct BK channel biophysics there. region-specific evidence source

Tac1 (protachykinin-1, precursor of substance P/neurokinin A) is expressed by striatal-type medium spiny neurons in the olfactory tubercle, consistent with the OT's striosome-like neurochemistry. region-specific evidence source

Tac2 (neurokinin B) is densely and selectively enriched in the medial habenula; dorsal MHb tachykinin-expressing neurons regulate mood-related behavior and primary reinforcement. region-specific evidence source

Chrna3 co-assembles with Chrnb4 (and Chrna5) to form alpha3beta4 nicotinic receptors most highly expressed in the medial habenula-interpeduncular nucleus circuit, mediating nicotine aversion/withdrawal. region-specific evidence source

Chrnb4 pairs with Chrna3/Chrna5 to form the dominant nAChR subtype of the medial habenula; balanced beta4/alpha5 activity in MHb neurons regulates aversion to nicotine and withdrawal signs. region-specific evidence source

Gpr151 shows pronounced, highly specific expression in medial (and lateral) habenula neurons and axons forming the fasciculus retroflexus; implicated in addiction vulnerability and social reward via habenular circuits. region-specific evidence source

Drd3 (dopamine D3 receptor) is selectively distributed in limbic-striatal regions including the olfactory tubercle and island of Calleja, linked to locomotor signaling. region-specific evidence source

Gpr50 (melatonin-related orphan GPCR) immunoreactivity is documented in the vascular organ of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) along with other periventricular/hypothalamic regions. region-specific evidence source

Slc6a4 encodes SERT, the serotonin reuptake transporter, acting primarily in brainstem raphe neurons (dorsal raphe contains ~85% of CNS serotonergic neurons) to terminate serotonergic signaling. region-specific evidence source

Chrnb3 is expressed in brain regions important for nicotine reward/withdrawal including VTA, substantia nigra, nucleus accumbens, and medial habenula, co-assembling with alpha3/alpha6/beta2 subunits. region-specific evidence source

Slc6a3 encodes the dopamine transporter (DAT), expressed predominantly in substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons, controlling dopamine reuptake. region-specific evidence source

Fzd5 (Frizzled-5, Wnt receptor) is expressed in the parafascicular nucleus (PFN) of the thalamus and is required continuously for survival of adult PFN neurons; its loss causes sensorimotor coordination deficits. region-specific evidence source

Avp-expressing neurons in the dorsal shell of the suprachiasmatic nucleus set the ensemble period of the SCN circadian pacemaker network and drive circadian behavioral rhythms. region-specific evidence source

Documented in ventricular ependyma and choroid plexus as a general CSF-facing secretory-epithelial chloride channel, not a neuromodulatory signal; not specifically confirmed in medial habenula tissue itself. general function only source

Adora2a (adenosine A2A receptor) is selectively expressed in striatopallidal indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons of the caudoputamen, heteromerizing with D2 receptors to regulate motor output. region-specific evidence source

Htr5b (5-HT5B serotonin receptor) shows specific expression restricted to the medial habenula and hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in rodents (human gene is a nonfunctional pseudogene). region-specific evidence source

No area-postrema-specific literature found. General function: Fzd4 (Frizzled-4) is a Wnt/Norrin receptor essential for retinal vascular development and blood-brain barrier formation; a link to area postrema (a circumventricular organ) is plausible but undocumented. general function only source

Chrna2 (nAChR alpha2 subunit) transcripts are found primarily in the interpeduncular nucleus (including rostral IPN), forming alpha2beta2 receptors modulating IPN output downstream of the medial habenula. region-specific evidence source

Chat marks the ventral medial habenula cholinergic neuron population, source of the major MHb-to-interpeduncular-nucleus cholinergic pathway; required for nicotine reward/withdrawal sensitivity. region-specific evidence source

Crh is highly expressed throughout inferior olivary complex subnuclei; reduced IO-CRF impairs motor performance under challenging conditions, linking CRH signaling in the inferior olive to cerebellar-dependent motor control. region-specific evidence source

Nppa (atrial natriuretic peptide) mRNA shows among its highest relative brain concentrations in the medial habenula; ANP signaling in the MHb-to-interpeduncular-nucleus pathway blocks glutamate release from MHb terminals. region-specific evidence source

Gabbr1 mediates an atypical facilitatory (rather than inhibitory) presynaptic effect at medial habenula terminals in the interpeduncular nucleus, potentiating glutamate/ACh release via Cav2.3 channels. region-specific evidence source

Gpr156 is expressed in the medial habenula; a human missense variant introduced into mice causes MHb hyperactivity and stress-sensitivity/depression-like behavior, associated with major depressive disorder risk in humans. region-specific evidence source

Tshr is functionally expressed by tanycytes lining the median eminence/third ventricle; TSH stimulation raises tanycyte cAMP, controlling hormonal output of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. region-specific evidence source

Kctd12b is a GABA-B receptor auxiliary subunit exclusively expressed in the ventral medial habenula, co-localizing with Cav2.3 channels at axon terminals and restraining neurotransmitter release onto IPN neurons. region-specific evidence source

Gpr6 is an orphan GPCR with highly restricted, enriched expression in D2-expressing indirect-pathway medium spiny neurons of the striatum, opposing D2 signaling; GPR6 inverse agonists tested for Parkinson's disease. region-specific evidence source

No OVLT/circumventricular-organ-specific literature found. General function: Cxcr4 is a chemokine (CXCL12/SDF-1) receptor important for hematopoiesis, neurodevelopment/neuronal migration, and vascularization. general function only source

Slc6a2 encodes NET, the norepinephrine transporter; NET expression/availability in the locus coeruleus is directly studied, with altered LC NET levels linked to major depression and PTSD symptom severity. region-specific evidence source

DBH synthesizes norepinephrine from dopamine in noradrenergic neurons; conditional knockdown in LC-NE neurons abolishes LC-stimulation-evoked arousal and reduces wakefulness. region-specific evidence source

BK channel beta-1 subunit; canonical role in smooth muscle/neuronal excitability. Only a different K+ channel subunit (Kcnb1/Kv2.1) is documented regulating SCO-spondin secretion in zebrafish -- no data on Kcnmb1 itself in SCO. general function only no source found

AgRP/NPY/GABA co-releasing neurons in the arcuate nucleus are mandatory drivers of feeding behavior; ablation of these neurons acutely suppresses food intake. region-specific evidence source

Secretin receptor signaling in circumventricular organs including the OVLT (and SFO) mediates osmotic/hypertonicity sensing and drives vasopressin release for fluid homeostasis. region-specific evidence source

GRIN3B/NR3B is a modulatory NMDA receptor subunit expressed selectively in cranial (facial, trigeminal) and spinal motoneurons; oculomotor nucleus not specifically named but general cranial motor-nucleus expression documented. general function only source

General function only: MT1 melatonin receptor mediates melatonin's circadian/reproductive effects, expressed in SCN, hypothalamus, thalamus; no parabigeminal-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

VIP is a broadly acting neuropeptide; VIP-immunoreactive fibers reported in/near the interpeduncular nucleus in some species, but not specific to caudal IPN in mouse. general function only source

Spexin is expressed in the medial habenula (mouse) and its zebrafish ortholog dorsal habenula, acting within the habenula-interpeduncular-raphe circuit to regulate anxiety-like behavior via serotonergic modulation. region-specific evidence source

GRP/GRPR signaling in ventral/core SCN neurons mediates photic entrainment and light-induced phase-shifting of the circadian clock via Per1 induction. region-specific evidence source

BRS3-expressing neurons in the preoptic area (encompassing the posterodorsal preoptic subregion) regulate body temperature, heart rate, and energy homeostasis. region-specific evidence source

GPR52 mRNA is enriched almost exclusively in striatal D2-expressing medium spiny neurons of the indirect pathway; knockout mice show reduced D2R/enkephalin signaling. region-specific evidence source

Kir2.4 (KCNJ14) transcripts are expressed almost exclusively in cranial nerve motoneurons, with strong signal documented specifically in the trigeminal motor nucleus, facial nucleus, and others. region-specific evidence source

General function only: CNGB3 forms cone photoreceptor cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels with CNGA3 in the retina; mutations cause achromatopsia. No medial-habenula-specific literature found. general function only source

Urotensin-II-related peptide is expressed in cholinergic brainstem/spinal motoneurons, and urotensin-II immunoreactivity has been specifically documented in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. region-specific evidence source

Urocortin is prominently expressed in the midbrain Edinger-Westphal nucleus and acts within the dorsal raphe to modulate serotonergic activity/stress behavior; rostral linear nucleus of raphe not directly discussed. general function only source

General function only: CNGA1 encodes the alpha subunit of the rod photoreceptor cGMP-gated channel mediating phototransduction; no inferior-olive-specific expression data found. general function only source

OPN5 (neuropsin) is expressed in glutamatergic, warm-sensing preoptic area neurons (QPLOT neurons, including median preoptic populations) that project to brown adipose tissue and suppress thermogenesis in response to light. region-specific evidence source

General function only: SCT encodes secretin, a GI/neuroendocrine hormone from duodenal S-cells; no documented role for secretin specifically in the subcommissural organ (whose characteristic secreted protein is SCO-spondin, not secretin). general function only no source found

General function only: Apol9b is an interferon-stimulated antiviral gene restricting Theiler's virus replication; no raphe-obscurus-specific data found. general function only source

General function only: NPY4R/PPYR1 is the high-affinity receptor for pancreatic polypeptide, regulating pancreatic secretion, GI motility, and appetite; no inferior-olive-specific literature found. general function only source

General function only: CYSLTR1 mediates cysteinyl leukotriene signaling in allergic/asthmatic bronchoconstriction and immune responses; no median-eminence-specific data found. general function only source

General function only: CHRNE encodes the epsilon subunit of the muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction; no septohippocampal-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

Npy6r is specifically expressed in VIP-co-expressing SCN neurons, where pancreatic-polypeptide-driven Npy6r signaling regulates the growth hormone axis, energy expenditure/feeding, and circadian control of peripheral metabolism. region-specific evidence source

General function only: SLC4A11 is a Na+-coupled borate/NH3-H+ transporter; loss causes corneal endothelial dystrophy; no central-amygdala-specific data found. general function only source

Kcnk15/Task5 is expressed almost exclusively in the central auditory pathway, with expression specifically rising in the superior olivary complex and cochlear nucleus around hearing onset. region-specific evidence source

General function only: TMC3 is a predicted mechanosensitive ion channel of the TMC family; no subcommissural-organ-specific data found. general function only source

EP1 (PTGER1) mediates PGE2-driven pain perception and blood pressure regulation; highest brain EP1 expression in the trigeminal system reported in the sensory trigeminal nucleus caudalis, not the motor nucleus. general function only source

A cardiac-projecting dorsal-motor-nucleus-of-the-vagus (DMV) neuron subtype correlates with Nppb/Trpv1 expression, suggesting anatomical specificity within DMV (a suggestive single-paper finding, not a whole-atlas comparison). region-specific evidence source

Relaxin-3 is synthesized almost exclusively by GABAergic neurons of the nucleus incertus, which project broadly to hippocampus, septum and hypothalamus and modulate stress response, arousal, and hippocampal theta rhythm/memory. region-specific evidence source

Gabrr1 (GABA-A rho-1) is listed as a marker gene for the superior colliculus superficial gray layer in Allen Brain Atlas adult mouse expression profiles, consistent with GABA-C receptor transcripts documented in that layer. region-specific evidence source

Avpr1b is highly enriched in CA2 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus, where vasopressin/Avpr1b signaling is required for social memory acquisition and social/aggressive behavior. region-specific evidence source

GPR55 is an orphan GPCR activated by lysophosphatidylinositol and cannabinoids; broadly expressed in brain (cerebellum, striatum, hippocampus) but no subcommissural-organ-specific literature found. general function only source

TRPM1 is a cation channel required in retinal ON bipolar cells for mGluR6-dependent light-evoked depolarization; mutations cause congenital stationary night blindness. No medial-habenula-specific role found. general function only source

Urocortin-3-synthesizing neurons are documented specifically in the median preoptic nucleus (and perifornical area), acting via CRF-R2 as stress/homeostasis modulators. region-specific evidence source

ASIC3 is a proton-sensitive channel classically in peripheral metaboreceptive sensory neurons, also detected in hypothalamic central chemoreception neurons; no median-eminence-specific data found. general function only source

Neuropeptide S is produced by a discrete cell cluster between the locus coeruleus and Barrington's nucleus (pericoerulear area), acting as an excitatory modulator of arousal, anxiety and stress responsiveness. region-specific evidence source

CATSPER4 is a pore-forming subunit of the sperm-specific CatSper calcium channel; expression is restricted to testis/spermatids with no detectable brain expression, so no dorsal-raphe-specific role exists. general function only source

CCR6 is a chemokine receptor for CCL20 expressed on dendritic/B/Th17/Treg cells and neutrophils, mediating immune cell trafficking; no caudoputamen-specific literature found. general function only source

F2RL1/PAR2 is a protease-activated GPCR broadly distributed in CNS/PNS, implicated in inflammation and nociception; no subcommissural-organ-specific data found. general function only source

Opn4/melanopsin is the photopigment of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells driving circadian photoentrainment; no mouse reticular-thalamic-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

OTOP1 is the sour-taste proton channel in taste cells, required for otoconia/otolith formation in the inner ear; also detected in hippocampal astrocytes, but no reticular-thalamic-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

CCR10 binds CCL27/CCL28 and directs skin-homing T cells, melanocytes and plasma cells; no OVLT-specific literature found. general function only source

PTGIR encodes the prostacyclin (PGI2) receptor, most highly expressed in brain generally; no medial-habenula-specific expression or function found. general function only source

TPTE is a testis-restricted PTEN-family phosphatase important for spermatogenesis; adult expression restricted to testis, so no OVLT-specific adult role exists. general function only source

Gm5127 is a predicted/uncharacterized X-linked gene with a rhodopsin-like GPCR domain; no endogenous function established and no substantia-nigra-specific role found. general function only source

PTGDR2/CRTH2 is the PGD2 receptor mediating allergic/Th2 immune responses; brain mRNA detected in several regions but not specifically the subcommissural organ. general function only source

LTB4R1 (BLT1) is the high-affinity leukotriene B4 receptor mediating inflammatory chemotaxis; no literature tying it to the dorsal tuberomammillary nucleus or histaminergic neurons found. general function only source

Htr3b (5-HT3B subunit) mRNA is expressed predominantly in the dorsal arcuate nucleus, almost exclusively within Crabp1-expressing GABAergic neurons, suggesting a role in serotonergic modulation of this ARC neuron subset. region-specific evidence source

Histamine H4 receptor is difficult to detect in brain neurons but is expressed in brain endothelial cells, regulating blood-brain-barrier permeability; no explicit OVLT localization found. general function only source

PKDREJ is a testis-restricted polycystin-family receptor controlling sperm capacitation/zona pellucida interactions; no CNS or trigeminal-motor-nucleus role found. general function only source

Opn1sw encodes the short-wave-sensitive (blue) cone opsin mediating color vision in retinal cones; no adult brain or median-eminence expression data available. general function only source

A recent review states LRRC8E is 'almost absent from brain', unlike its LRRC8 paralogs widely expressed in the nervous system -- this argues against genuine medial habenula enrichment. general function only source

SLC26A9 is a multifunctional anion exchanger/channel expressed mainly in lung, stomach and some neural cells; no median-eminence-specific role found. general function only source

Asic5 (BASIC) shows restrictive expression in unipolar brush cells, a cell type present in the granule-cell domain of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, helping set intrinsic excitability. region-specific evidence source

Specific data on Apol10a could not be found; the broader apolipoprotein L family is generally involved in HDL-associated cholesterol transport; no locus-coeruleus-specific info found. general function only source

Mrgpra6 belongs to the Mas-related GPCR family expressed mainly in peripheral sensory neurons/mast cells, modulating itch/pain; proposed RFamide (NPFF/NPAF) receptor. No parabigeminal-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

Panx3 functions as an ER Ca2+ channel important in osteoblast/cartilage/tooth differentiation; multiple sources state it is essentially absent from the nervous system. general function only source

Gm14496 is a predicted mouse gene encoding a vomeronasal type-2 pheromone-receptor-like class C GPCR with low overall expression; no facial-motor-nucleus-specific characterization exists. general function only source

Kcna10 (Kv1.8) is essential for outwardly-rectifying conductances of vestibular hair cells supporting balance/vestibulomotor reflexes; no VMH-specific documentation found. general function only source

Urocortin 2 mRNA is expressed in brainstem motor nuclei including the facial, trigeminal and hypoglossal motor nuclei and spinal ventral horn, acting via CRF-R2 to promote motor axon terminal regeneration. region-specific evidence source

Galanin receptor 2 is broadly CNS-expressed; galanin-like peptide injection induces c-Fos in ventricular ependymal cells generally, suggesting ependymal responsiveness to galanin signaling, but this does not establish Galr2 as SCO-specific. general function only source

GPR119 is mainly expressed in pancreas/intestine regulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion; minor CNS expression reported but no clear brain function or interpeduncular-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

PRLHR (GPR10) is expressed in reticular thalamic nucleus, PVN, DMH, NTS and pituitary, regulating stress, appetite and reproduction; no source directly documents expression in PMv specifically. general function only source

GnRH receptor is expressed extrapituitarily in hippocampus and, during postnatal development, appears in the lateral septum as hippocamposeptal projections mature, implicating it in septohippocampal circuit development. region-specific evidence source

Kv12.1 channel encoded by Kcnh8 suppresses nighttime firing rates in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons; knockout mice show elevated nighttime SCN firing, part of the day-night electrical switch of the circadian pacemaker. region-specific evidence source

Sodium channel beta-4 subunit is highly expressed in dorsal and ventral striatum, localizes to striatal projection fibers, and its loss reduces resurgent Na+ current and repetitive firing in medium spiny neurons. region-specific evidence source

CART neuropeptide regulates food intake, energy homeostasis, thermoregulation and stress; well documented in arcuate/lateral hypothalamic neurons, but no literature specifically links it to the dorsal tuberomammillary nucleus. general function only source

PACAP and its receptor Adcyap1r1 show strong expression/signaling in premammillary nuclei, with Adcyap1r1 strongly expressed specifically in the dorsal premammillary nucleus (PMd); related PACAP neurons of PMv regulate reproductive function. region-specific evidence source

Orphan receptor Gpr83 is expressed in hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus and striatum, regulating energy metabolism via ghrelin signaling in the arcuate nucleus; no source specifically discussing Gpr83 in the dorsal tuberomammillary nucleus found. general function only source

VMAT2 packages serotonin into vesicles at the somatodendritic level of dorsal raphe neurons, enabling activity-independent dendritic serotonin release documented by EM/3-photon imaging in DR. region-specific evidence source

Prokineticin receptor 2 is expressed in circumventricular organs and directly modulates area postrema neuron excitability via PK2-induced chloride-current-mediated depolarizations/hyperpolarizations. region-specific evidence source

Orphan GPCR Gpr149 shows strongest expression in the islands of Calleja (part of the olfactory tubercle) and ventromedial hypothalamus/rostral IPN, regulating energy homeostasis/insulin sensitivity. region-specific evidence source

Tacr1 (NK1 receptor) binds substance P and is best documented at high density in striatum/amygdala; substance P projections from the medial habenula target the interpeduncular nucleus, but direct Tacr1 expression in MHb itself was not found. general function only source

Anoctamin-2 (Ano2/TMEM16B) narrows action potentials and mediates spike-frequency adaptation in hippocampal and thalamocortical neurons; no septohippocampal-nucleus-specific literature found. general function only source

Proenkephalin is abundantly expressed in striatal medium spiny projection neurons under dopaminergic regulation and serves as a biomarker of striatal integrity in Huntington's/Parkinson's disease. region-specific evidence source

Orthopedia is strongly expressed in and essential for specification of paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) neuroendocrine neurons; Otp-null mice fail to develop the PVN and lose CRH/oxytocin/AVP/somatostatin/TRH secretion. region-specific evidence source

GLP-1 receptor is highly and specifically expressed in the (dorso)lateral septum, where GLP-1R+ neurons mediate anorectic/weight-lowering effects of GLP-1 agonists and modulate reward/alcohol intake. region-specific evidence source

Gpr161 is a ciliary GPCR repressing Sonic hedgehog signaling; its ciliary localization in the adult hippocampus is restricted specifically to pyramidal neurons of the CA1/CA2 regions. region-specific evidence source

Scn7a encodes the Nax sodium sensor channel, expressed in circumventricular structures including the median eminence, where it senses extracellular sodium for hydromineral/salt-intake homeostasis. region-specific evidence source

Clic6 encodes an intracellular chloride channel documented in choroid plexus, striatal SVZ and cerebellar Purkinje cells (interacting with D3 receptors); no olfactory-tubercle-specific source found. general function only source

Galanin is best documented in ventrolateral preoptic (VLPO) sleep-promoting/heat-loss neurons; no source specifically documenting it in the posterodorsal preoptic nucleus found. general function only source

Neuropeptide S receptor 1 is broadly expressed in cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and amygdala, involved in fear/anxiety and arousal regulation; no subcommissural-organ-specific data found. general function only source

Nppc encodes C-type natriuretic peptide, abundant in the nervous system with a documented sympatho-inhibitory role via the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus; no cuneate-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

Kcng4 (Kv6.3) shows high expression in the interpeduncular nucleus (a target of MHb efferents) and is implicated in subcommissural organ regulation; direct expression within the medial habenula itself was not found. general function only source

Neuropeptide FF receptor 1 is involved in nociception and neuroendocrine modulation, with a rostrocaudal gradient of highest density in caudal lateral septal nuclei; no source specifically named the septohippocampal nucleus. general function only source

Trpm6 encodes a Mg2+-permeable TRP channel essential for magnesium reabsorption in kidney/intestine; no literature on brain (including anteroventral thalamic nucleus) expression found. general function only source

Adgrv1 (Gpr98/Vlgr1) is a giant adhesion GPCR whose mutations cause Usher syndrome type 2C, well documented in cochlear/retinal ciliary complexes; no subcommissural-organ-specific data found. general function only source

Chrna5 mRNA is expressed at high levels specifically in the interpeduncular nucleus (the principal target of MHb efferents), where alpha5-expressing GABAergic IPN neurons mediate nicotine aversion primed by prior exposure. region-specific evidence source

Frizzled-1 is a Wnt receptor documented to regulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis and neuron/astrocyte fate commitment; no medial-habenula-specific literature found. general function only source

5-HT1B receptor is present at high density in the caudate-putamen, acting as a presynaptic heteroreceptor on striatal spiny projection neuron terminals to modulate lateral inhibition and dopamine/GABA release. region-specific evidence source

Tyrosine hydroxylase is the rate-limiting dopamine-synthesis enzyme and the definitive marker of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (A10 cell group), central to reward, motivation and motor circuits. region-specific evidence source

VGLUT3 is expressed in a subpopulation of dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons, enabling glutamate/serotonin co-release onto targets such as VTA dopamine neurons, implicated in reward and anxiety-related behavior. region-specific evidence source

Nicotinic alpha6 subunit is expressed predominantly in midbrain dopaminergic (VTA, SN) and locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurons, mediating nicotine-evoked dopamine release; no interfascicular-raphe-specific data found. general function only source

Somatostatin is co-expressed with GABA in thalamic reticular nucleus neurons that project to thalamocortical relay cells, inhibiting thalamic oscillations and modulating sensory attention. region-specific evidence source

GIRK4 G-protein-gated inward-rectifier K+ channel; documented strong expression in paraventricular and parafascicular thalamic nuclei (plus PVN/VMH/ARH hypothalamus), implicating it in thalamic/hypothalamic excitability. region-specific evidence source

Adhesion GPCR (GPR64) required for fluid reabsorption in male excurrent ducts; expression also reported in parathyroid/CNS generally, but no inferior-olive-specific data found. general function only source

Kv1.5 delayed-rectifier K+ channel controls cardiac atrial repolarization and pulmonary vasoconstriction; general neural expression in olfactory epithelium/retina, no olfactory-tubercle-specific data found. general function only source

ATP-gated P2X cation channel, predominantly expressed in skeletal muscle with minor cortical expression; no subcommissural-organ-specific data found. general function only source

Regulatory subunit modulating KCNQ1/KCNQ4/Kv1.x/Kv2.1/Kv4.x/BK channels, best studied in cardiac repolarization/vascular tone; no VPM-specific data found. general function only source

Wnt3 receptor Frizzled-7 regulates neuronal identity, with restricted expression at the dorsal telencephalic/diencephalic border in developing forebrain; no medial-habenula-specific study found. general function only source

Oxytocin is synthesized by magnocellular neurons of the supraoptic nucleus (and PVN), driving parturition, milk-ejection, maternal/social behavior and food-intake suppression -- well documented specifically in the SO. region-specific evidence source

D5 dopamine receptor mRNA is localized by in situ hybridization to hippocampus and the parafascicular thalamic nucleus; no parabigeminal-nucleus-specific study found. general function only source

BK-channel auxiliary gamma-4 subunit, characterized mainly in secretory glands (the related LRRC55 is the primary neural BK gamma subunit); no reticular-thalamic-nucleus data found. general function only source

Mechanically-activated cation channel mediating touch/proprioception/interoception, characterized mainly in peripheral sensory neurons (DRG, trigeminal, vagal ganglia); no medial-habenula-specific expression data found. general function only source

Angiotensin II type-1a receptor in the PVH regulates blood pressure/sympathetic outflow and energy homeostasis; PVH-specific AT1a knockout studies show altered food intake and hypertensive responses. region-specific evidence source

Orphan GPCR forming the mGluR6/TRPM1 signaling complex at ON-bipolar cell dendritic tips in retina; mutations cause congenital stationary night blindness; no subcommissural-organ-specific data found. general function only source

Orexin/hypocretin receptor 1 in the dorsal raphe directly excites serotonergic neurons via Na+/K+ nonselective cation currents, linking hypothalamic arousal signaling to serotonergic output -- documented specifically in DRN. region-specific evidence source

5-HT1D receptor activation suppresses glutamatergic synaptic transmission specifically in the principal cell layer of the rat olfactory tubercle. region-specific evidence source

CNGA3 acts as a cold-sensing ion channel in preoptic-area hypothalamic neurons, contributing to thermoregulatory cold sensing; the median preoptic nucleus lies within this region but is not singled out. general function only source

Water/nitrate channel classically kidney-specific; some mouse brain expression reported in cerebellum, habenula and dorsal tegmental nucleus; no anterodorsal-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

Fractalkine receptor expressed exclusively by microglia, mediating microglia-neuron communication and synaptic plasticity broadly across CNS; a general microglial marker, no subcommissural-organ-specific data. general function only source

Adhesion GPCR (GPR111) reported enriched in hippocampal inhibitory interneurons in a recent aGPCR expression study; no anteroventral-thalamic-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

Neuromedin B receptor is broadly expressed across CNS including thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus and olfactory regions; no PVT-specific study found. general function only source

P2X5 ATP-gated cation channel shows heavy immunostaining specifically in the motor trigeminal nucleus, among other brain regions. region-specific evidence source

M5 muscarinic receptor is the only mAChR on midbrain dopamine neurons, affecting ventral striatal/NAc dopamine terminals; expression also reported in mammillary body, but no confirmation specifically in PMd. general function only source

Melanocortin-3 receptor mRNA is densely expressed in and functions as an autoreceptor on POMC neurons of the arcuate nucleus, regulating energy homeostasis and appetite. region-specific evidence source

Pro-melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons are concentrated in the incertohypothalamic/perifornical/lateral hypothalamic area, regulating arousal, sleep and energy balance; no parasubthalamic-specific documentation found. general function only source

Calcium-sensing receptor regulates parathyroid hormone release/renal calcium handling and is expressed broadly in brain including hypothalamic GHRH/POMC neurons; no interfascicular-raphe-specific data found. general function only source

F4/80/EMR1 is a classic macrophage/microglial adhesion marker involved in immune modulation; a general microglial/macrophage marker, no locus-coeruleus-specific documentation. general function only source

Frizzled-9 is expressed in brain (amygdala, cingulate cortex, hypothalamus), testis, eye and muscle; its deletion is implicated in Williams syndrome neurodevelopmental phenotype; no anterodorsal-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

CCR9 mediates thymocyte migration/maturation and gut lymphocyte homing; essentially immune/GI-tract expression, no brain or lateral-mammillary-nucleus expression found. general function only source

ABCC9/SUR2 is the regulatory subunit of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in cardiac/skeletal/smooth muscle; mutations cause Cantu syndrome; no area-postrema/CNS-specific expression data found. general function only source

Ghrelin receptor is most highly expressed in the hypothalamus, specifically the arcuate and ventromedial nuclei, mediating growth-hormone release and appetite stimulation. region-specific evidence source

Neuromedin U regulates smooth muscle contraction, blood pressure, appetite and stress response, with NMUR2/stress-related signaling documented in the PVN; no tuberomammillary-nucleus-specific documentation found. general function only source

Encodes the skeletal-muscle L-type Ca2+ channel Cav1.1, essential for excitation-contraction coupling; mutations cause hypokalemic periodic paralysis. No PVpo/hypothalamic-specific role found. general function only source

Kynurenic-acid-sensing GPCR characterized mainly in gut epithelium and immune cells, implicated in inflammation and visceral pain; no subcommissural-organ-specific data found. general function only source

UDP-activated GPCR best documented in microglia, driving phagocytosis/calcium signaling in hippocampus during epileptogenesis; no fasciola-cinerea-specific data found. general function only source

Rimbp2/RIM-binding protein 2 is a presynaptic active-zone scaffold linking RIM proteins to voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, tuning neurotransmitter release probability (studied at hippocampal synapses); no lateral-septal-specific data found. general function only source

Glycine receptor alpha-4 subunit; a processed pseudogene in humans but functional in other vertebrates, implicated in escape/startle circuitry (zebrafish); no inferior-colliculus-specific data found. general function only source

Polycystin-family cation channel homolog of Pkd2l1; general databases report expression largely restricted to testis. No subcommissural-organ role found. general function only source

Orphan adhesion GPCR (GPR114) activated by a tethered peptide agonist, signaling via Gs/cAMP; highest expression in GI tract and male reproductive tissue; no posterior thalamic complex-specific data found. general function only source

Mechanosensitive adhesion GPCR (GPR97) whose tethered agonist is exposed by shear force, driving neutrophil polarization/migration; detected generally in brain/spinal cord, no area-postrema-specific data found. general function only source

ATP-gated cation channel documented across hypothalamic nuclei (supraoptic, paraventricular, suprachiasmatic) on neurons/astrocytes/tanycytes, but no medial-mammillary-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

Encodes the ENaC beta subunit, classically mediating Na+/water reabsorption in kidney/airway epithelium; no nucleus-raphe-obscurus-specific data found. general function only source

5-HT6 receptor mRNA is reported at its highest levels specifically in the olfactory tubercle (along with striatum, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus), modulating cholinergic/dopaminergic transmission and cognition. region-specific evidence source

Dopamine D4 receptor is expressed broadly in thalamus, frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus; D4-selective ligand binding reported in dorsomedial thalamus, but no VPM-specific data found. general function only source

Encodes the muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor beta subunit, essential for neuromuscular junction development/function; no median-eminence-specific role found. general function only source

Gamma-1 auxiliary subunit of the skeletal-muscle Cav1.1 channel complex; variants linked to malignant hyperthermia susceptibility; no caudoputamen/striatal-specific role found. general function only source

Prokineticin receptor 1 mediates prokineticin signaling in reproductive neuroendocrine function, SCN circadian regulation, angiogenesis and neurogenesis; no nucleus-sagulum-specific data found. general function only source

Urotensin-2 receptor (GPR14) mRNA centrally is restricted to brainstem cholinergic neurons of the laterodorsal and pedunculopontine tegmental nuclei regulating REM sleep; no Barrington's-nucleus-specific data found (nearby but distinct nuclei documented instead). general function only source

ATP-gated cation channel documented as upregulated in supraoptic nucleus after fasting/refeeding; other hypothalamic/brainstem autonomic nuclei express P2X receptors generally, but no P2rx2-specific DMX data found. general function only source

Trpv1 mRNA is selectively expressed in glutamatergic neurons of the supramammillary nucleus; TRPV1 loss-of-function or antagonism there reduces anxiety- and depression-like behavior -- a directly region-specific documented role. region-specific evidence source

Relaxin-1 is best known for reproductive (uterine relaxation) and cardiovascular (vasodilation) effects; relaxin receptors are noted in CNS generally but no dorsal-raphe-specific function described. general function only source

Orexin/hypocretin is produced exclusively by neurons of the lateral hypothalamic and perifornical area, regulating arousal, feeding, reward-seeking, and autonomic/stress responses -- a canonical, well-documented region-specific role. region-specific evidence source

Central Trpm8 expression is reported in restricted forebrain areas (hypothalamus, septum, reticular thalamic nucleus); TRPM8-expressing CSF-contacting neurons specifically described in the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus. region-specific evidence source

CB2 receptor is present in several thalamic nuclei, with documented roles in retino-thalamic axon guidance (dLGN) and modulation of neuropathic pain in the ventral posterior nucleus; no paracentral-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

GnRH neuron cell bodies are scattered through the preoptic area, including the anteroventral preoptic/periventricular region, where they receive kisspeptin input driving the LH surge -- a well-documented preoptic-area-specific role. region-specific evidence source

Orphan GPCR with no well-characterized ligand or function; no medial-habenula-specific data found (note: the distinct paralog Gpr151, not Gpr152, is the well-documented habenula marker for nicotine withdrawal/addiction). general function only source

Chemokine receptor best known for directing B-lymphocyte and follicular helper T-cell migration into lymphoid follicles; no median-eminence-specific literature found. general function only source

Apelin receptor (APJ) expression has been specifically documented in sensory circumventricular organs including the area postrema, contributing to autonomic regulation of GI motility. region-specific evidence source

Calhm6 (FAM26F) is a calcium-homeostasis-modulator channel characterized in immune cells, supporting ATP release/immune synapse formation; no lateral-mammillary-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

Bradykinin B1 receptor is an inducible GPCR mainly studied in inflammation/pain; in the preoptic area it is the B2 (not B1) receptor shown to mediate LPS-induced fever, so no B1-specific PVpo role found. general function only source

Classified among renal organic anion transporters, implicated as a prostaglandin (PGE2) transporter in kidney cortex; no supramammillary-nucleus or other brain-specific data found. general function only source

Encodes voltage-gated K+ channel Kv1.3, well studied in T-lymphocyte activation and general neuronal excitability; no parabigeminal-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

Tmc8 (EVER2) forms a complex with EVER1/CIB1 in keratinocytes restricting beta-papillomavirus infection; characterized almost exclusively in skin/immune contexts, no documented brain expression. general function only source

26RFa/pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide is a hypothalamic neuropeptide stimulating food intake and modulating energy homeostasis and HPA/gonadal axes; general hypothalamic role documented but no PVpo-specific citation found. general function only source

KCNE1 (minK) encodes a beta-subunit that modulates KCNQ1 and other Kv channels, classically important in cardiac IKs repolarization and inner ear K+ homeostasis. general function only no source found

Formyl peptide receptor 3 is documented mainly in phagocyte/microglial inflammatory signaling and as a glioma biomarker; no anterodorsal-thalamic-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

Mas-related GPCR member D is specifically expressed in small-diameter nonpeptidergic nociceptive sensory neurons of the DRG, mediating pain/itch signaling; no CNS/lateral-mammillary-nucleus expression documented. general function only source

TRPML3/mucolipin-3 is an endolysosomal cation channel best characterized in skin/inner-ear hair cells (varitint-waddler mouse mutant); no paraventricular-thalamic-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

PAR4 is a thrombin/trypsin-activated GPCR central to platelet activation and blood coagulation; no vascular-organ-of-the-lamina-terminalis or other brain-specific data found. general function only source

Kctd8 is an auxiliary subunit trafficking GABA-B receptors to axon terminals; expression is essentially restricted to medial habenula neurons (and interpeduncular nucleus), a well-documented MHb-specific marker. region-specific evidence source

Neurexophilin-4 is a secreted neurexin-binding protein of largely uncharacterized regional function; general neurexophilin family members modulate synaptic neurexin signaling. general function only no source found

Serotonin 5-HT4 receptor shows classic prominent enrichment in the olfactory tubercle (islands of Calleja) and striatum/NAc by ISH and binding mapping, modulating transmitter release and learning/memory. region-specific evidence source

Trpc6 is expressed in dentate gyrus granule cells and GAD67+ GABAergic interneurons of the hilus (= polymorph layer, DG-po), regulating excitability via Kv4.3 localization. region-specific evidence source

Adult mouse brain neuronal Cx45/Gjc1 expression is reported restricted to thalamus, hippocampal CA3, and cerebellum -- thalamus-level evidence, not specific to the dorsal lateral geniculate ipsilateral zone. general function only source

Encodes the GABA-A receptor epsilon subunit; reported expressed in identified peptidergic neurons of rat hypothalamus, but no epsilon-subunit-specific arcuate-nucleus study found. general function only source

Kcng2 encodes a “silent” voltage-gated K+ channel gamma-subunit (Kv6.2) that does not form functional channels alone but modulates Kv2/KCNB1 channel gating and kinetics when co-assembled, contributing to neuronal excitability. general function only source

Kcnmb2 encodes the beta-2 auxiliary subunit of the large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BK/KCNMA1) channel, conferring inactivation and altering Ca2+/voltage sensitivity. general function only source

Listed among genes with elevated standardized expression in the medial habenula in a Harmonizome/Allen Brain Atlas aggregation, but this rests on a secondary database aggregation that could not be independently cross-checked (tentative, low confidence). general function only source

Prodynorphin is the precursor of dynorphin opioid peptides in NAc D1-neurons; viral knockdown of Pdyn specifically in rat nucleus accumbens reduces depression-like behavior and cocaine locomotor sensitization. region-specific evidence source

Trpc4 encodes a non-selective cation channel activated downstream of Gq-coupled receptors; it is highly expressed in the lateral septum and hippocampal pyramidal layer, modulates depolarization/plateau potentials in septal neurons, and supports septohippocampal circuit function and limbic behavior. region-specific evidence source

Gpr139 (activated by L-Trp/L-Phe) is one of the best-established medial-habenula-enriched marker genes, implicated in fear learning, reward/addiction and mood via habenulo-interpeduncular projections. region-specific evidence source

Adgrf5 (Gpr116) is an adhesion GPCR mainly characterized in lung surfactant homeostasis and vascular/endothelial integrity; it is expressed in brain microvascular endothelium and its loss causes mild vascular leakage in brain. general function only source

Kcnma1 encodes the BK (Slo1) channel pore-forming subunit; combined with its habenula-specific gamma auxiliary subunit Lrrc55 (see above), BK channels shape the distinctive firing properties of medial habenula neurons. region-specific evidence no source found

Dopamine D2 receptor is the canonical marker of indirect-pathway striatal medium spiny neurons in the caudoputamen, central to basal ganglia motor gating and the primary target of antipsychotic and Parkinson's drugs. region-specific evidence no source found

Wnt-family GPCR involved in tissue morphogenesis/polarity signaling; adult brain expression highest in cerebellum, cortex, medulla and spinal cord, but no area-postrema-specific study found. general function only source

Smoothened is the core transducer of Sonic hedgehog signaling; in circumventricular organs like the area postrema, Shh-pathway signaling has developmental roles, though an adult-specific AP function is not well characterized. general function only no source found

Alpha7 nicotinic receptor is a major fast-desensitizing nicotinic receptor subtype in hippocampal (including CA2) interneurons, implicated in cognition and a schizophrenia-associated risk gene. region-specific evidence no source found

Orphan Gz-coupled Gpr176 is strongly and specifically enriched in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, where it represses cAMP signaling in a time-of-day-dependent manner to set the pace of the master circadian clock. region-specific evidence source

Modulatory CNG channel subunit; an older cloning study (uncertain CNGB1 identity) reported transcripts in arcuate, periventricular and supraoptic hypothalamic nuclei. region-specific evidence source

Fzd6 encodes a Frizzled-family Wnt receptor involved in planar cell polarity/non-canonical Wnt signaling and neural tube closure; no source discusses Fzd6 in thalamic relay nuclei specifically. general function only no source found

Orai2 encodes a store-operated Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel subunit with high transcript levels in brain; it modulates CRAC current properties similarly to Orai1, but its in vivo neuronal roles remain largely uncharacterized. general function only source

Alpha-2C adrenergic autoreceptor binding is most abundant in the olfactory tubercle, striatum (accumbens/caudoputamen), and hippocampal CA1 by autoradiographic mapping. region-specific evidence source

Prepronociceptin (Pnoc) is broadly distributed across hypothalamic and limbic circuits, including tuberomammillary-adjacent regions, and its cleavage product nociceptin/orphanin FQ modulates arousal, stress, and feeding via NOP receptor signaling. general function only no source found

Neurotensin is a classic hypothalamic/midbrain neuropeptide implicated in reward, thermoregulation, and analgesia; premammillary neurotensinergic populations have been linked to social/defensive behaviors. general function only no source found

Calcitonin-receptor-like receptor forms the CGRP receptor with RAMP1 (and adrenomedullin receptors with RAMP2/3); no medial-habenula-specific report found. general function only source

Core planar-cell-polarity gene extensively documented as a driver of multiciliated ependymal cell biology (orienting ciliary basal bodies for CSF flow) -- a GENERAL ependymal/multiciliated-cell gene, not a neuromodulatory signal. Its SCO enrichment is best explained by SCO being a specialized ciliated ependymal structure. general function only source

CLIC5 is a glutaredoxin-like intracellular chloride channel/oxidoreductase that stabilizes ERM proteins linking membrane to actin cytoskeleton; essential for stereocilia structure in inner ear hair cells. general function only source

Endolysosomal two-pore channel gated by NAADP/PI(3,5)P2, involved in membrane trafficking and mTOR nutrient sensing; brain expression noted generally but no area-postrema-specific data found. general function only source

Kcnab2 encodes an auxiliary beta subunit of Shaker-type voltage-gated K+ (Kv1) channels that promotes channel inactivation and has NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase activity, tuning neuronal excitability broadly across the brain including hippocampus. general function only source

PTH2R (activated by TIP39) shows high-density expression specifically in the medial subdivision of the medial geniculate body, part of the auditory thalamus. region-specific evidence source

Ryanodine receptor 1 is the principal skeletal-muscle sarcoplasmic-reticulum Ca2+ release channel; its striatal (caudoputamen) neuronal role is less well characterized than its canonical muscle function. general function only no source found

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor coupled to Gq/G12/13, drives endothelial barrier disruption; well documented in vascular endothelium generally but no OVLT-specific report found. general function only source

Tacr3 (NK3 receptor) binds neurokinin B and is best known for its role in GnRH neuron regulation (KNDy neurons); interpeduncular nucleus NK3 signaling is a less-established extension of tachykinin signaling in the habenulo-interpeduncular pathway. general function only no source found

Kcns2 (Kv9.2) is a “silent” modulatory alpha subunit that heterotetramerizes with Kv2.1/Kv2.2 to alter their gating kinetics and inactivation voltage-dependence, without forming functional channels alone. general function only source

Calcitonin receptor is one of the top-3 most highly expressed obesity-GWAS genes (with Pomc, Asb4) in arcuate nucleus feeding-circuit neurons. region-specific evidence source

Kir2.1 is the principal Kir2 subunit setting resting/'down-state' conductance and dendritic excitability of striatal medium spiny neurons, regulated by D2 dopamine signaling. region-specific evidence source

LRRC8D is a non-essential subunit of the LRRC8/VRAC volume-regulated anion channel that combines with obligatory LRRC8A to widen channel pore diameter and alter osmolyte/substrate permeability during regulatory volume decrease. general function only source

LPAR4 is a Gs/Gq-coupled GPCR for lysophosphatidic acid that raises intracellular calcium and stimulates adenylyl cyclase, with roles in neural development; one study reported it was not detected in hypothalamus among several regions examined. general function only source

ASIC4 is an atypical, non-proton-activated acid-sensing ion channel family member that localizes largely to endosome-related organelles rather than plasma membrane; most strongly expressed in pituitary gland with faint, widespread brain mRNA. general function only source

CCK-A receptor; cholecystokinin applied to rat thalamic reticular nucleus neurons causes prolonged depolarization via suppression of a K+ conductance, directly modulating intrathalamic oscillatory activity. region-specific evidence source

Serotonin 1A receptor acts as the somatodendritic autoreceptor on dorsal raphe serotonergic neurons, providing negative feedback on serotonin release; a major anxiolytic/antidepressant drug target. region-specific evidence no source found

Galanin receptor 1 is a Gi-coupled inhibitory galanin receptor broadly implicated in mood, nociception, and feeding circuits; thalamic (including paraventricular thalamic) expression is part of its broader CNS distribution. general function only no source found

Kcns3 (Kv9.3) is a silent Kv subunit selectively expressed in parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons, heteromerizing with Kv2.1 to boost conductance and hyperpolarize activation; studied mainly in prefrontal cortex PV neurons. general function only source

Agtrap encodes ATRAP, a transmembrane protein that binds the AT1 angiotensin II receptor and negatively regulates its signaling by promoting receptor internalization/desensitization. general function only source

Gpr165 is an orphan GPCR predicted to function in neuropeptide receptor signaling; mapped broadly to medulla and pons (including noradrenergic nuclei) in a mouse orphan-GPCR brain expression atlas. general function only source

Immunostaining shows intense ASIC1 expression in the habenula as part of the habenula-interpeduncular pathway, implicated in aversive/fear behavior (medial-vs-lateral subdivision not fully resolved in this source). region-specific evidence source

Atypical chemokine receptor (ACKR5) expressed on endothelial cells that scavenges CXCL10/12/13 to maintain hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis; no lateral-mammillary-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

POMC is processed to alpha-MSH in arcuate nucleus neurons; arcuate POMC/alpha-MSH neurons potently reduce food intake and increase energy expenditure -- a canonical, extensively documented arcuate-specific function. region-specific evidence source

Adrenomedullin acting at circumventricular organs including the median eminence participates in fluid balance and cardiovascular/neuroendocrine regulation. general function only no source found

MCH receptor 1 is the primary receptor for melanin-concentrating hormone, mediating MCH's effects on feeding, arousal, and mood; densely expressed in hippocampal CA fields including CA2. region-specific evidence no source found

Hcar1/GPR81 is a Gi-coupled lactate receptor that senses extracellular lactate to reduce cAMP, coupling energy metabolism, synaptic activity, and cerebral blood flow; described in neocortex, hippocampus, and the blood-brain barrier. general function only source

Tmco1 encodes an ER-resident Ca2+ load-activated Ca2+ channel that prevents ER Ca2+ store overfilling via reversible homotetramerization; noted as weakly expressed in brain overall. general function only source

A medial-habenula-focused study explicitly found no obvious TRPM4/TRPM5 expression in MHb neurons, arguing against MH-specificity despite this screen's prediction. general function only source

GRINA/Lifeguard1 regulates ER calcium homeostasis; immunostaining reported in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus generally, not CA2-layer-specific. general function only source

A calcium homeostasis modulator family member forming a large-pore, lipid-gated ATP release channel implicated in neuronal excitability/gustatory signaling; reported to be expressed in hippocampus generally. general function only source

Pkd2 encodes polycystin-2 (TRPP2), a nonselective cation/Ca2+-permeable channel involved in ciliary mechanosensation, intracellular Ca2+ signaling, and vascular tone regulation; expressed in brain neurons generally. general function only source

DP1 prostaglandin D2 receptor implicated in allergic/asthma responses and circadian regulation of sleep; no area-postrema-specific report found. general function only source

Tmem38b encodes TRIC-B, an ER monovalent cation (K+) counter-ion channel that maintains electroneutrality during Ca2+ release via IP3 receptors; ubiquitously but moderately expressed. general function only source

Adhesion GPCR (GPR115) regulating epidermal differentiation via KRT1 in keratinocytes; predominantly skin-expressed, no anteroventral-thalamic-nucleus-specific data found. general function only source

V1a vasopressin receptor is densely expressed in the lateral septum, a major target of vasopressinergic innervation; AVPR1a signaling there mediates social recognition, social play and sociability. region-specific evidence source

Kv7.4 is a classic marker of the central auditory pathway, restricted to auditory brainstem/midbrain nuclei including the inferior colliculus. region-specific evidence source

Kv4.1 forms A-type voltage-gated K+ channels shaping repolarization/repetitive firing, with a documented role in suprachiasmatic-nucleus circadian excitability; no trigeminal-motor-nucleus-specific report found. general function only source

Best3 encodes bestrophin-3, a calcium-activated chloride channel involved in cell volume regulation, pH homeostasis, and neurotransmitter release; upregulated in astrocytes after brain injury and expressed in vascular smooth muscle. general function only source

Bestrophin-1 is a calcium-activated anion channel permeable to Cl-/glutamate/GABA, expressed by astrocytes across multiple brain regions; MEPO-specific osmoregulation not confirmed. general function only source

Tmem37 (EFP1) is a gamma subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels that inhibits Ca2+ influx and insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells; no brain-region-specific studies found. general function only source

CRH receptor 2 in the dorsal raphe modulates serotonergic neuron activity in response to stress, part of the CRH-serotonin stress-coping circuit. region-specific evidence no source found

GHRH neurons cluster in the periventricular/preoptic and arcuate hypothalamic region (matching this screen's top hits PVpo/OV/PD/ARH/PVH) and are the classic hypophysiotropic population driving pituitary growth-hormone release. region-specific evidence source

Mrgprf is a Mas-related GPCR family member thought to bind neuropeptides and regulate nociceptor function/pain sensation; broadly expressed across brain regions including hypothalamus and hippocampus in general expression atlases. general function only source

Receptor for neuropeptides B/W involved in energy homeostasis, pain, and emotion; expression reported specifically in the parastrial nucleus among other hypothalamic/limbic sites. region-specific evidence source

Melanocortin 5 receptor mediates melanocortin signaling in exocrine/endocrine tissues and CNS; detected in PVN and perifornical lateral hypothalamus, with broader roles in energy homeostasis and exocrine gland function. general function only source

Adenosine A2B receptor is a GPCR mediating adenosine signaling in inflammation, hypoxia response, and vascular tone; highest expression reported in colon, bladder, and lung with limited brain expression overall. general function only source

GPR17 is a GPCR responding to UDP-sugars and cysteinyl leukotrienes that acts as an intrinsic timer of oligodendrocyte precursor cell maturation and myelination, broadly distributed in CNS OPCs. general function only source

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 is a GPCR mediating S1P signaling important in immune, nervous, cardiovascular, and metabolic systems, and studied in retina light responses and brain endothelial barrier function. general function only source

Membrane-bound G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 mediates rapid, nongenomic estrogen signaling; in brain it modulates PVN serotonin signaling, hippocampal synaptic plasticity (LTP at CA1), social behavior, and neuroprotection. general function only source